This sounds like a doozie of a problem.
If you can get online from the cable router, then you know the network trouble must be either on the firewall or on your switches, server, and PC's.
Obviously, as this error occurred right after you enabled filters on the firewall, the firewall is already the prime suspect.
If you can ping any interface from the server, then I have to assume that everything is getting DHCP addresses from somewhere.
Most likely, there is a configuration error in
IPCop.
If you turn off IPCop and just implement "normal" routing on the firewall box, does the network start working again?