A broadcast ping is simply sending an
ICMP Echo Request packet to an IPv4 broadcast address.
For an explanation of broadcast addressing under IPv4, read
RFC 919: Broadcasting Internet Datagrams.
Broadcast pings have a bit of dark side, in that they have been used to flood hosts by spoofing the source of the Echo Request messange to force a barrage of Echo Reply messages to be directed to an unsuspecting host.
The best place to learn about the syntax of the `ping` command is the man page for ping from your own system.